PPA 01
Comparative analysis of the effect of aqueous extract phyllanthus amarus, l-arginine and chloramphenicol on osmotic fragility on red blood cells of different genotypes (hbaa, hbas and hbss
ALOAMAKA, O. E.O. and IGHOROJE, A.D.A.
Department of Physiology, University of Benin
aloamakaemmanuel@yahoo.com ; 07030413444
Red blood cells of different haemoglobin genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) was incubated in Phyllanthus amarus, chloramphenicol and L-arginine after which the red cells were subjected to osmotic stress test in phosphate buffered saline. The aim of the experiment was to ascertain/compare the effect of Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract, L-arginine and chloramphenicol on the integrity of red cell membranes of the different genotypes. Doses of 10 mg and 20 mg/ml of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus, Chloramphenicol and L-Arginine was used for the study. Washed red cells were incubated in each of the drugs/extract for 3 hours before subjecting to osmotic stress in serial dilutions of PBS, for 30 minutes, spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. Absorbance of the supernatant was measured using a spectrophotometer at 540nm wavelength. Results of percentage haemolysis was analysed against serial dilutions of PBS. Result showed a shift to the left in haemoglobin AA genotype cells incubated in 10mg and 20mg Phyllanthus Amarus, 10mg and 20mg chloramphenicol, 20mg L-Arginine but a shift to the right in cells incubated in 10mg L-Arginine. Same was recorded for Haemoglobin AS genotype red blood cells except for 10mg and 20mg L-Arginine which showed a shift to the right, in contract, haemoglobin SS genotype red blood cells showed significant shift to the left after incubation in L-Arginine, Chloramphenicol and Phyllanthus amarus. In conclusion Phyllanthus amarus and Chloramphenicol (10 and 20mg/ml) and high dose L-Arginine (20mg/ml) have protecting ability against osmotic stress in PBS medium in Haemoglobin AA, AS and SS genotype red blood cells meanwhile low dose L-Arginine (10mg/ml) causes red blood cell lysis in haemoglobin AA and AS genotype red blood cells.
PPA 02
Salt sensitivity, systemic and vascular inflammation in Normotensive Young-Adult Nigerians
A. K. Oloyo1, K. B. Ismail-Badmus1, A. A. Adejare1,S. O. Elias2, O. Kushimo3, O. Odukoya1, O. A. Sofola1
1 College of Medicine University of Lagos, Physiology, Surulere, Nigeria
2 Lagos State University College of Medicine, Physiology, Ikeja, Nigeria
3 Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Cardiology, Surulere, Nigeria
High salt diet is the most important environmental risk factor for hypertension (1), globally, about 50% of essential hypertension tagged essential are salt-sensitive (2). about 56% and 34% adult hypertensive and normotensive Nigerians are salt–sensitive (3). Recently an increase in the prevalence of children and adolescent hypertension has been reported (4). To prevent the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, the search for the predictors of salt sensitivity becomes imperative. This study was designed to demonstrate the association between blood pressure, salt sensitivity and systemic and vascular inflammation in normotensive young-adult Nigerians. Recruited participants are consenting normotensive (Systolic < 90), young adults (18-35 years of age) without any known underlying pathology. 12-hour nocturnal urine and baseline parameters (anthropometric parameters, blood samples) were collected/ determined on day 1 of the experiment, participants were given a salt-load at a dose of 200mmol/day Na+ for 5 days. Blood pressure parameters were measured before and after salt-loading using a non-invasive electronic Omron M6 BP monitor which has been calibrated against an Accoson mercury sphygmomanometer. Salt Sensitivity was determined as >5mmHg difference in MABP of participants post salt-loading. Plasma concentration of biomarkers of systemic and vascular inflammation (CRP, Il-1b. IL-6, Il-17, MIP-1 TNF-a, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) were estimated before and after salt-loading. High salt diet elevated BP in the salt sensitive participants. 27% of the participants are salt sensitive (SS). Plasma concentration of IL-6 is significantly lower in SS participants compared to SR counterparts before and after salt loading; while IL-17, CRP and VCAM-1 concentrations are significantly elevated in SS participants before salt loading. The plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations of female SS participants are significantly higher. In a young-adult normotensive Nigerian population, it appears that IL-1b, IL-6 and VCAM-1 are predictors of salt sensitivity and future salt sensitive hypertension. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon needs to be unravelled.
PPA 03
Demography, biological and cardiovascular risk factors of salt-sensitivity in normotensive young adult Nigerian population.
A. K. Oloyo1, A. A. Adejare1,S. O. Elias2, O. Kushimo3, O. Odukoya1, O. A. Sofola1
1 College of Medicine University of Lagos, Physiology, Surulere, Nigeria
2 Lagos State University College of Medicine, Physiology, Ikeja, Nigeria
3 Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Cardiology, Surulere, Nigeria
High consumption of dietary salt is the most important environmental risk factor for development of hypertension yet the consumption of diet with high salt is very rampant in our society. Salt sensitivity increases the risk of death independent of high BP and it has been reported that salt-sensitive hypertension is associated with higher morbidity and mortality due to CVDs than hypertension caused by other factors. However, a major challenge remains distinguishing between salt-sensitive and salt-resistant individuals. This study sought to determine the demography, biological and cardiovascular risk factors of salt-sensitivity in normotensive young adult Nigerian population. Recruited participants are consenting normotensive young adults without any known underlying pathology and not on any prescribed medication. A pretested interviewer-based questionnaire based on WHO-STEPS was used for this study. After informed consent, 12-hour nocturnal urine and baseline anthropometric parameters were collected/ determined on day 1 of the experiment, participants were given a salt-load at a dose of 200mmol/day Na+ (HK Pharma Ltd.) for 5 days. BP parameters were measured before and after salt-loading using a non-invasive electronic Omron M6 BP monitor already calibrated against an Accoson mercury sphygmomanometer. Salt Sensitivity was determined as >5mmHg difference in MABP of participants post salt-loading. 24% of the studied population were salt-sensitive. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean age, weight, height and body mass index of the population. 47.8% of Igbos and 20.5% of Yorubas were salt-sensitive. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP were significantly lower in salt-sensitive young adults studied before salt-loading. While salt-loading caused a marked increase in the pressure parameters in the salt-sensitive population, it caused a significant reduction in the salt-resistant population. Heart rate increased in both SR and SS participants after salt-loading. Igbo has the highest percent of SS participants. Age and demography appear not to affect SS distribution. Whether in males or females, having sustained reduction in SBP, DBP and MABP are likely precursors to being salt-sensitive in young adult Nigerians.
PPA 04
BLOCKADE OF MINERALOCORTICOID AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS INCREASES NADPH AND ATTENUATES URIC ACID PRODUCTION IN THE HEARTS OF DAMS TREATED WITH ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
Olatunji A. Lawrence, Adegoke E. Tolulope, and Abdullahi O. Kamaldeen
HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
The development and progression of cardiac diseases have been linked with oxidative stress
(Bredemeier et al., 2018). Studies have suggested that increased expression of mineralocorticoid
receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) may play a role in the pathophysiological process
of oxidative stress-induced cardiac inflammation and damage. Combined oral contraceptives
(COC) have been implicated in reactive oxygen species-related cardiac diseases. However, the
possible role of MR or GR has not been fully established. This study therefore sought to investigate
the effects of MR and GR antagonism in COC-induced cardiac dysfunction in Dam. Twenty-four
Wistar dams were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 6/group). Control Dams received vehicle
(po), COC-treated dam received 1.0 μg ethinyl estradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel, COC+GR
blockade received COC plus mifepristone (80 mg/kg) and COC+MR blockade received
spironolactone (0.25 mg/kg) daily between 3rd and 11th week postpartum. Data indicated that
postpartum COC treatment resulted in increased cardiac triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol, total
cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, tissue injury biomarkers, and adenosine deaminase
(ADA)-dependent uric acid production. These results were also associated with decreased cardiac
NADPH, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent antioxidant defence. However, MR or
GR blockade reversed the alterations induced by postpartum COC treatment. In conclusion, MR
and GR antagonists improves cardiac NADPH and uric acid-associated lipid accumulation and
antioxidant defence in the hearts of dams exposed to postpartum COC treatment.
Keywords: Estrogen-progestin contraceptive, Cardiac NADPH, Receptor blocker, Uric acid.
PPA05
SERUM OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVEL AND PANCREATIC HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN A PROPOSED MODEL FOR ACUTE PANCREATITIS INDUCTION USING L-ARGININE
Omayone T.P1, Aliyu I.M1, Mohammed S.O1
1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria.
Correspondence: tpomayone@futa.edu.ng. tosandabest@yahoo.com. Tel: +2347039732960
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas with a very high morbidity and mortality. The l-arginine induced AP is the most widely used model that mimic human AP. Previous studies have shown that it is characterized with either high mortality or low mortality with very mild disease severity thereby, not suitable enough for long-term study. This study sought to propose a model for induction of AP using l-arginine that will yield little or no mortality with high disease severity. Two modes of AP induction were used at the start of the study; four doses of 200mg/100g and three doses of 300mg/100g of l-arginine administered at 1-hour interval each. Following the induction of AP, all animals induced with 300mg/100g of l-arginine died within 48 hours, while all animals induced with 200mg/100g of l-arginine survived throughout the study. Thus, a total of twenty animals (n=5) were reportedly used for this study and grouped as Control, AP-day 3, AP-day 6 and AP-day 14 indicating animals were sacrificed days 3, 6 and 14 respectively following AP induction. The results showed that amylase concentration increased on all AP days especially at day 14 following AP induction compared to control. Protein concentration was significantly high on day 14 only compared to control group. MDA level rose significantly 3 days post induction and decreased consistently at days 6 and 14. Catalase activities were decrease in all AP days compared to control group. Histological observations showed high necrosis and vacuolation more on day 3 compared to other days and control. In conclusion, this model presented a sustained disease severity even after 14 days post induction. However, day 3 post induction presented the highest disease severity compared to other days.
Key words: Acute pancreatitis, l-arginine, Oxidative stress, Amylase, Histology
PPA 06
GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM AMELIORATES SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN MALE WISTAR RATS
C.C Nworgu1, C.F Ezeaku1, O. Agunwenyi1, C.A Onu, P.I Ugwu1, M.L Nweke1, D.B Adeniyi1,
1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author’s Email: deborah.adeniyi@unn.edu.ng , +2347036830747
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by a deep deficiency of memory and cognitive function in which more than 44 million people worldwide are affected by it, with 7.7 million new cases recorded annually. Protective properties of phytochemicals combat numerous diseases and their vast acceptance and demand in human beings encouraged scientists to assess their effective activities. Gongronema latifolium (GL) has been reported to hold prospects in the improvement of cognitive functions through mechanisms not yet understood. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of GL on scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease in adult male Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of 5 rats each. Group I served as the control while the other five served as the experimental groups. Groups II,III,IV,V and VI were administered 2mg/kg scopolamine (SCO) intraperitonially, SCO + Donepezil, SCO+200mg/kg aqueous extract of GL, SCO+300mg/kg aqueous extract of GL SCO+400mg/kg aqueous extract of GL orally for 15 days. All the animals were allowed food and water ad libitum. Learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water-maze and Y-maze. Biochemical parameters of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, reduced tissue glutathione, AchE, TNFα, IL-1ᵝ and IL-6 were examined. SCO mediated changes in the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, reduced tissue glutathione), AchE, IL-1ᵝ and IL-6 were improved after treatment with GL. It was then concluded that aqueous extract of GL has neuroprotective effects and indeed may ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease induced by SCO in Wistar rats.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Gongronema latifolium, Scopolamine.
PPA 07
AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND N-ACETYLCYSTENINE ON LEAD ACETATE-INDUCED GLUCOSE METABOLISM IMPAIRMENT IN WISTARS RATS
Efeotor R.O., Shittu S. T.*, Shittu S. A., Kpai T., Oyeyemi W. A., Isehunwa G.O., Lasisi T. J.
Correspondence: drshittu@gmail.com
Lead exposure has been reported to induce disarray in glucose metabolism majorly by tissue oxidative damage. Vitamin E (VitE) and/or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been documented to ameliorate lead toxicity. Data on the effect of vitE and/or NAC on lead-induced impairments of glucose metabolism are scanty. This study therefore investigated the effect vitE and/or NAC on glucose metabolism in lead acetate exposed rats.
Forty male Wistar rats(100-140g) grouped into 5 (G1-5) were treated as follows; G1 received the vehicle only, G2-5 received lead acetate (20mg/kg, p.o) while G3-G5 were orally treated with VitE (150mg/kg), NAC (100mg/kg) or a combination of both, respectively for 30 days. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out and Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Insulin, lactate, Lactate Dehydrogenase activities (LDH), HOMA-IR, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, Catalase and GPx) and liver function test (ALT, ALP and AST) were determined in the blood. Hepatic glycogen content was determined using the anthrone method. Data are presented as Mean±SEM, analysed by ANOVA at P<0.05 followed by TuKey posthoc test. Lead exposure caused significant increased FBG (101.14 ± 6.10mg/dl), HOMA-IR (0.189±0.17) and plasma lactate level (32.75±8.44mg/dl) in G2 relative to G1 (79.25± 2.60mg/dl, 0.014± 0.003, 29.04±0.12mg/dl). The increase FBG and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased by vitE or/and NAC in G3, G4 and G5 respectively, relative to G2. Hepatic glycogen content was significantly depleted in G2 and reversed in G3-G5 relative to G1. Increased AST and ALT levels were observed in G2 relative to control and the treated groups. Although, MDA level was not different across all groups, GPx and catalase activities were significantly reduced in G2 and reversed in G3-G5 relative to control. Data from this study indicate that vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine prevented lead-induced glucose impairment by potentiating the endogenous antioxidant activities.
Keywords: Lead toxicity, Glucose metabolism, Vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine
PPA 08
ANTI-ULCER MECHANISMS OF THE ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF ACALYPA HISPIDA IN MALE WISTAR RATS
JT Ayoade, FS Oluwole
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
Decoction of the leaves of Acalypha Hispida (AH) is traditionally used in the treatment of wounds, ulcers and abscesses. However, there is dearth of information on the scientific evaluation of AH on gastric ulcer, hence this study.Twenty-five male Wistar Rats (150-180g) were randomly divided into five (5) groups of five (5) animals each. Group 1-Normal control, 2- Ulcer control, 3-Cimetidine 40mg/Kg, 4- EAH 50mg/kg, 5-EAH 100mg/kg. The animals were pretreated orally for 28days. The leaves of AH were pulverized and macerated in ethanol for 72hours to obtain crude ethanolic extract of AH (EAH).The anti-ulcer effect of EAH was evaluated using Indomethacin 40mg/Kg. Ulcer was scored macroscopically. The probable mode of action was evaluated by determining prostaglandin E2, antioxidant enzyme level (Superioxide dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, Gluthatione GSH), sulfhydrl, Nitric oxide, NO . The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was also determined. Data were analyzed using students T test and one way ANOVA with the level of significance set as P<0.05.
Pretreatment of the animals with EAH significantly inhibited ulcer formation in group 4 (95%) and 5 (92%) relative to control. Increased MDA level was observed in the control group2- (0.0001899±1.861e-0.05) and this was significantly reversed in group 4 (0.0001150±1.941e-005) and 5 (0.0001023±8.749e-006). Concomitant increased SOD, CAT, GSH and Sulfhydryl were observed in groups 4 and 5 compared with the untreated ulcer group. Nitric oxide was significantly increased in EAH pre -treated animals (91.59±6.29, 86.52 ±7.09 vs 38.48±0.97).EAH (50,100mg/Kg) relative to control increased Prostaglandin levels (237.7±8664 and129.1±7.625 vs 28.98±4.39). Histopathology shows gastroprotective role of EAH. EAH protected against indomethacin induced ulcer. Acalypha Hispida possibly contains bioactive agents which might be useful in prevention of gastric ulcers.
Key words: Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, antioxidant, prostaglandin.
PPA 09
DIET TYPE MODIFIES HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM DURING EXPOSURE TO ACRYLAMIDE IN RATS
B. O. Adele*, A.O. Ige*, A. O. Odetola*1, I. E. Idara*, E. O. Adewoye*
*Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan.
1 Department of Physiology, College of Health sciences, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Anambra State.
Acrylamide, a food toxicant formed from heated carbohydrate-rich foods, induces toxicity majorly via oxidative mechanisms. Diet is reported to influence body defense mechanisms to modulate pathogenesis. This study therefore investigated the effects of high-carbohydrate (HCD), high-protein (HPD) and high-fat (HFD) diets feeding on hepatic glutathione system in acrylamide-toxic male rats. Twenty-five rats (38-43 g) were grouped into five (n=5): 1 (Control, received standard diet), 2 (acrylamide, 10 mg/kg p.o.), 3 (acrylamide+HCD) 4 (acrylamide+HPD) and 5 (acrylamide+HFD). After 60 days post-treatment and dietary exposure, hepatic tissue was excised for malondialdehye, nitric oxide (NO), reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSH) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and histological analysis using spectrophotometry, ELISA techniques and light microscopy respectively. Data were analyzed using one-Way ANOVA and descriptive statistics at P<0.05. Malondialdehyde level decreased in acrylamide+HPD (16.91±1.38 µM) but increased in acrylamide+HCD (30.60±2.04 µM) and acrylamide+HFD (30.27±1.17 µM) compared to acrylamide only (30.52±1.15 µM). Liver NO, reduced and oxidized glutathione levels increased in acrylamide+HPD (10.22±1.12 µM, 2.04±0.16 mM, 2.48±0.17 µM) but decreased in acrylamide+HCD (6.13±0.53 µM, 1.53±0.04 mM, 2.18±0.09 µM) and acrylamide+HFD (7.61±0.96 µM, 1.49±0.06 mM, 2.19±0.10 µM) compared to acrylamide only (5.34±0.24 µM, 1.70±0.04 mM, 2.20±0.09 µM). Activities of GPx and GST increased in acrylamide+HPD but reduced in acrylamide+HCD and acrylamide+HFD while GR activity increased in all experimental diets-fed groups compared to acrylamide only. Acrylamide+HPD (168.36±23.39 U/l) had decreased LDH activity while acrylamide+HCD and acrylamide+HFD (257.25±18.88, 216.10±13.90 U/l) showed increase compared to acrylamide only (184/52±18.36 U/l). Histology showed well preserved hepatic architecture with HPD while HCD and HFD caused severe fatty infiltration and hepatic steatosis compared to acrylamide only. Acrylamide-induced alteration of hepatic glutathione production and activity was exacerbated by High Carbohydrate and High Fat Diets while High Protein Diet reversed it.
Keywords: Acrylamide-induced hepatocellular damage, High Protein Diet, High Carbohydrate Diet, High Fat Diet, Glutathione system.
PPA 10
ANTINOCICEPTIVE POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Carica papaya LEAF IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MALE WISTAR RATS
Aboyeji A.M.1,2, Owoyemi J.O.1, Ananias E.N. 1, Ibiyeye V.O., Jimoh-Abdulghaffar H.O.1
1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Carica papaya leaf is reported to exert hypoglycemic, vulnerary and neuroprotective effects. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus and it is associated with neuropathic pain. However, there is a dearth of information on the anti-nociceptive effect of Carica papaya leaf on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of the aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in male Wistar rats. Twenty adult male rats weighing 120g-170g were grouped into four groups (n=5) for this study. Group I received normal saline (1.0 ml/kg b.w), Group II received Streptozotocin [STZ] (50mg/kg b.w), Group III received pregabalin (4.3 mg/kg b.w) + STZ and Group IV received Carica papaya aqueous extract (200 mg/kg b.w) + STZ for 30 days. Subsequently thermal and mechanical allodynia were assessed, and the biochemical markers Plasma glucose concentration, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) were assayed. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (p<0.05) and statistical analysis was conducted using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test. The 200 mg/kg, b.w aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves significantly reduced mechanical and thermal allodynia, and blood glucose levels. It also significantly increased CGRP and NPY levels. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves ameliorates streptozocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in male Wistar rats.
Keywords: Pain, Streptozotocin, Diabetes, Carica papaya, Neuropathy
PPA11
TOLERABILITY POTENTIAL OF FLAVONOIDS-RICH FRACTION OF ANONNA SENEGALENSIS (PERS.) LEAF IN MALE WISTAR RATS
Folawiyo, M.A1,2*., Ajao, F.O2., Besong, E.E3., Ajibare, A.J4., Akintoye, O.O1, Omotuyi, I.O5., Ajayi, A.F2. 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria 3Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
5Institute for Drug Research and Development, S.E. Bogoro Center, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
*Correspondence author; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, PMB, 5363 (+2347032097174; moshood.folawiyo@eksu.edu.ng )
The beneficial health potential of phytochemicals in medicinal plants, particularly those with abundant flavonoids, is of concern to healthcare practitioners. Annona senegalensis (AS) is known to have disease-relieving properties, and the dearth of data on the safety of its flavonoids constituents necessitates this study to determine the tolerability potential of the flavonoid-rich constituent of AS leaf (FFASL) using an acute and sub-acute paradigm in rats. FFASL was prepared using the standard method, and HPLC was used to estimate flavonoid constituents. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated using male rats (n=30) randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each, and graded doses below the lethal dose (LD50) of FFASL were administered to the rats. After 28 days of the administration, the liver, kidney, heart, and lungs were removed, weighed, and preserved for mRNA expressions of organ-functional markers while liver, kidney, and heart microscopic examinations were done. The LD50 of FFASL was greater than 3000 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.), while the sub-acute oral administration of FFASL showed significant (p < 0.05) medicinal effect on rats relative organ weight at doses up to 100 mg/kg b. wt. The mRNA expressions of organ-functional markers and the histological assessment showed tolerability at low doses. The HPLC revealed that FFASL consist of catechin, rutin, and ferulic acid, which may be responsible for these effects due to their rich antioxidants potential. The study validated the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of FFASL to be 100 mg/kg b. wt. in rats with an equivalent of 995.4 mg in a 70 kg human. As a potential bioresource, further pharmacological evaluations would be necessary.
KEYWORDS: Annona senegalensis; flavonoids; HPLC; mRNA expressions; tolerability.
PPA 12
METHANOL EXTRACT OF CNIDOSCOLUS ACONITIFOLIUS PREVENTED CORTICO-HIPPOCAMPAL-STRIATAL DAMAGE IN EXERTING ITS NOOTROPIC EFFECT IN SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED AMNESIC BEHAVIOR IN WISTAR RATS.
ADEKOYA V.A1 ADENIYI I.A.1, Babalola K.T, OYEBANJO O.T, AJAYI A.M.2, ONASANWO S.A1*
1Neuroscience and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria
*Corresponding author: sa.onasanwo@mail.ui.edu.ng.
The vegetable, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, is well-known for its anti-diabetic and hepato-protective potential, however, little is known about its nootropic potential. Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of cognitive deficits with the current drugs developed to manage it limited by their various side effects. Therefore, this study investigates the nootropic potential of the methanol extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (MECA) on cortico-hippocampal neuroinflammation and cholinergic transmission. Twenty-five male Wistar rats assigned into five groups (n=5), were used for this study. Group I received distilled water, Group II received scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, i.p), and Groups III-IV received (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o) of MECA. The animals were pre-treated with MECA for 14 days, and scopolamine from the 8th to the 14th day. Followed by cognitive, biochemical, and histological assessments. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM), and statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA (P<0.05). MECA 100 mg/kg significantly reduced transfer latency and increased discrimination index in EPM and NORT cognitive assessments. MECA 100 mg/kg also significantly preserved the antioxidants, reduced oxidants, suppressed proinflammatory cytokines level, and the activities of acetylcholinesterase in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. This was supported by the prevention of central chromatolysis across these brain regions. The methanol extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius exerted its nootropic potential by preventing cortico-hippocampal-striatal oxido-inflammatory damage and modulation of cholinergic transmission.
Keywords: Dementia, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Neuroinflammation, Nootropics, acetylcholine.
PPA 13
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN PARIETAL CELL TURN-OVER AND APOPTOTIC CELL CLEARANCE DURING HEALING OF ACETIC-ACID-INDUCED GASTRIC ULCER
Akpamu U1,2., Salami A.T1., Odukanmi O.A1., Olaleye S.B1.
1Gastrointestinal Secretions and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State.
2Department of Physiology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State.
Corresponding: Akpamu U., E-mail: uwaifoha@yahoo.co.uk; Phone number: 08032770151
Ageing is associated with functional and structural mucosal defense defects and delayed gastric ulcer healing. Gastric parietal cells play an important role in gastric mucosal homeostasis as well as coordination of physiological repair.However, paucity of research exist on how gastric parietal cell turn over may affect gastric ulcer healing in different ages, hence this study.
Forty (40; n=10) male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups based on their ages as 3-, 6-, 12- and 18-months old. Gastric ulcer was induced using acetic acid (0.2mL of 30%) and the ulcerated stomachs were harvested after 3 and 7 days for macroscopic ulcer scoring, mucin content, histology and immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA). Parietal and apoptotic cells were evaluated in the histology and used to compute percentage parietal cell turn-over and apoptotic cell clearance. The data were analysed using ANOVA at p≤0.05. The results showed decreasing gastric ulcer healing rate with ageing. There was a significant age-related decrease in gastric mucin content, percentage parietal cell turn over and percentage apoptotic cell clearance in the gastric ulcer margin. This correlated with decrease expression of PCNA in the ulcerated gastric mucosa with ageing. The delay in gastric ulcer healing with advancing age may be due to decreasing capacity of parietal cell turnover and apoptotic cell clearance with advancing age considering their significance in ulcer repair processes and cell proliferation.
Key words: Ageing, Ulcer healing, Parietal cell turn over, Apoptotic cell clearance, Proliferating Cell Nuclei Antigen (PCNA).
PPA 14
CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM ATTENUATES DELAYED GASTRIC ULCER HEALING IN RATS: ROLE OF GASTRIC iNOS, COX-2, IL-10 and CRP
Salami Adeola Temitope1, Adelakun Mayokun Adeyoola1,2 and Olaleye Samuel Babafemi1
1Gastrointestinal secretion and inflammation research unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
2Department of Physiology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria.
Gastric ulcer (GU) healing involves inflammatory, and angiogenesis phases which are mediated by various pathways which include C-Reactive proteins (CRP), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). These pathways are mediated by enzymes (expressed at gastric epithelial layer) which play various roles in restitution or re-growth of the damaged gastric epithelial cells. Chrysophyllum albidum has been documented to facilitate delayed GU healing by attenuating inflammation and inhibiting proton pump activities. However, its activities on gastric healing gene expressions are still vague which this study sought to investigate. Male Wistar rats (120-130g) divided into 9 groups (n=15 for groups I-VII; n=5 for groups VIII & IX) viz: Groups I- positive control (DUnA); II and III–250mg/kg and 500mg/kg methanolic extract of C. albidum (MeCaB) bark respectively; IV, V and VI-100mg/kg fractions A, B and C respectively; VII–30mg/kg omeprazole; VIII-ulcerated untreated (baseline), IX-negative control. Chronic GU was induced experimentally and healing delayed using indomethacin with 14 days simultaneous drug treatment. Gastric ulcer score, and gastric ulcer gene expressions [IL-10, iNOS, COX-2, and C-reactive protein (CRP)] were evaluated by days 3, 7 and 14 of treatment using planimetry and immunohistochemistry techniques respectively. Data were expressed as MeanSEM and p0.05 was significant. C. albidum and fractions treated groups significantly decreased gastric ulcer scores compared with DUnA. Gastric IL-10, iNOS, and COX-2 were up-regulated in the C. albidum extract and fractions treated groups compared with DUnA by days 3, 7, and 14. However, gastric CRP was down-regulated significantly in the C. albidum fraction C treated groups compared with all other experimental groups by days 3, 7, and 14. C. albidum and its fractions facilitated the healing of gastric ulcer, probably by enhanced gastric IL-10, iNOS and COX-2 expressions, but decreased gastric CRP expression.
Keywords: Chrysophyllum albidum and chromatographic fractions, gastric ulcer healing, gastric gene expressions
PPA 15
Neuroinflammation profiles in social isolation-induced schizophrenia-like changes in mice.
Gideon Opeyemi Ayilara1, Bamidele Victor Owoyele2
1. Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria. ayilaraope@gmail.com
2. Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria. owoyele@unilorin.edu.ng.
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder with a global prevalence of approximately 0.45%. It is considered as a mental illness, with negative symptoms, positive symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction. The outcome of studies on the role of neuroinflammation have been conflicting. In addition, there is a poor understanding of the sex differences in the neuroinflammation markers in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. The understanding of the exact roles of neuroinflammation may guide the development of efficient therapeutic drugs that can address the negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms of the disease. We examined the effect of social isolation rearing on schizophrenia-related behaviours in male and female BALB/c mice. The social-isolation rearing protocol started on post-natal day 21, lasting for 35 days. Animals were grouped into four groups, consisting of seven animals per group. On post-natal day 56, animals were assessed for behavioural changes. These are prepulse inhibition test, anxiety, locomotive activity, and depression. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to investigate the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Our study showed that isolation rearing led to increasing locomotion, heightened anxiety, depression, and a reduced percentage of prepulse inhibition. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in anxiety in the female isolation mice compared to male isolation mice. Male social-isolation mice showed a significant increase in neuroinflammation markers only in the nucleus accumbens while the female social-isolation mice showed a significant increase in neuroinflammation markers only in the hippocampus. The study showed that therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing neuroinflammation may be beneficial. In addition, females with schizophrenia should be given more attention on anxiety related symptoms.
PPA 16
The potential role of in-utero Azadirachta indica (AI) dried leaf meal on hepatic function, lipid homeostasis and oxidative balance in offspring of Wistar rats
1Igbayilola Y., 2Aina O.S, 3Atoyebi K, 4Adebayo-Gege, G., 5Ozegbe, Q.B, 6L J.H, 6Salahudeen U.O 1, 4, 5, 6 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Baze University, Abuja. 2Physiology department, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos. 2The Arc of Rensselaer County, New York City, United State.
6Department of Science Laboratory Technology, D.S Adegbenro ICT Polytechnic, Eruku-Itori, Ewekoro, Ogun State
1Author for correspondence: yusuff.igbayilola@bazeuniversity.edu.ng, +2348161927278
Azadirachta indica (AI) Neem tree is one of the most widely used herbal plants in the world and the importance of which has been described by the US National Academy of Sciences. This study explored the potential role of dried leaf meal of AI during gestation on hepatic function, lipid homeostasis and oxidative balance in offspring of Wistar rats. 18 pregnant females and 12 male Wistar rats weighing between 140-180 grams were used and they were treated with either a standard diet or dried leaf meal (DLM) of AI. The pregnant dams were exposed to DLM up to parturition which comprised of treated males (TM) and treated females (TF). Control rats with control diet was administered in analogous comparatively which comprised of control male (CM) and control females (CF). On postnatal day 49, the rats were sacrificed and blood sample was obtained for assay of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Liver tissues were harvested for assay of cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), hepatic lipase (HL), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and malonaldehyde (MDA). The result showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AST, ALP, CHOL, TG levels with a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL and HL levels in TM and TF compared with CM and CF. SOD, GSH and CAT (p<0.05) increased significantly in TM and TF compared with CM and CF with a significant decrease in MDA’s lipid peroxidation index in TM and TF compared with CM and CF. It can be inferred from the present study that in-utero DLM of AIprovides a substantial justification to its use in folk medicine to be heptoprotective with improved lipid metabolism and the increased oxidative balance.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, hepatic, lipase, oxidative
PPA 17
The anti-Parkinson potential of Gingko biloba extract suppresses cortico-cerebellar
degeneration and neuropathobiological burden in rotenone-induced mice
Wadioni Aduema1*, Olusegun G. Adebayo2, Benneth Ben-Azu3, Abayomi M. Ajayi4
1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University,
Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 2Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria 3Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
4Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Corresponding Author: Wadioni Aduema wadioniaduema@gmail.com
Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) associated with the
suppression of various oxido-inflammatory pathways to restore homeostatic functions is now
considered as one of the main switch regulating the immune response involved in
inflammatory cascade in Parkinson’s Disease. Whether therapeutic approach using Ginkgo
biloba extract supplement (GBS) would have significant neuroprotective effect in corticocerebellar dopaminergic degeneration in rotenone-induced mice remains unknown. Forty male Swiss mice (30–33 g; 11-13 weeks old) were grouped four. Groups I
was treated with oral vehicle (DMSO-corn oil) once daily for 21 days, groups II was induced
intraperitoneally with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg) alternately, groups III were pre-treated orally
with GBS 20 mg/kg and then exposed to rotenone treatment (day 11 to 21) alternately while
group IV were exposed to rotenone treatment (day 1 to 21) alternately and then concurrently
introduced to GB 20 mg/kg (day 11 to 21). Thereafter, behavioural assessment followed by
biochemical, immunohistochemistry, histo-morphometric studies was done on the animal
striatal and gut region respectively. The results revealed that treatment with GBS suppresses cognitive decline and neuromuscular incompetence in the mice, abated tyrosine hydroxylase depletion and
synucleinopathy development in the cortico-cerebellar neurons of the mice before and after
rotenone induction. However, our data further shows increase Nrf2 immunoexpression with
decrease oxido-nitrergic and neuroinflammatory release, increase cholinergic enzyme activity
and downregulated executioner caspase-3 that may mediate cortico-cerebellar apoptosis.
Also, the loss of cortico-cerebellar neurons was attenuated, marked by increase in dendritic
spine length and width with numerous viable neurons. Overall findings suggest that GBS could be a potential pharmacotherapeutic candidate providing a strong protection for cortico-cerebellar neurocellular substances and
against Parkinsonism-like non-motor and motor symptoms.
Keywords: Ginkgo biloba; Neuroinflammation; Nrf2; Antioxidant; Cortico-cerebellum; Parkinson’s disease
PPA 18
COSTUS AFER LEAF EXTRACT IMPROVES IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND MITIGATE HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN UNPREDICTABLE CHRONIC STRESS- INDUCED WISTAR RATS
Okon Idara Asuquo1.2, UdoEkerette Sampson1, Akpan Anietie Jacob1, Umoren Elizabeth Bassey2 Akpakpan Ekam Ime 3, Ben Ezekiel Etim4, Amadi Ngozi Glory2, Owu Daniel Udofia1
1Department of Physiology, College of Medical Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt. Nigeria. 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 4Department of Physiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
*Correspondence: Okon Idara Asuquo Email; iokon@pums.edu.ng or idyastuk@yahoo.com
Daily routine activities of man can predispose an individual to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This study investigated the effects of methanol leaf extract of Costus afer (CA) on lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats exposed to chronic stress. Wistar rats (30) were randomly divided into six (6) groups (n =5); Control, Stress (STR), Costus afer low dose (CALD), Costus afer high dose (CAHD), Stress + Costus afer low dose (STR+CALD) and Stress + Costus afer high dose (STR+CAHD). Chronic unpredictable stress was induced for 42 days while treatment with Costus afer low dose and high dose (200 and 400 mg/kg respectively) was from day 22 to 42 to four groups. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Serum malondialdehyde and lipid profiles except high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were significantly increased in CUS group compared to the control. Also, the liver enzyme activity (AST, ALP and ALT) increased (P<0.05) while antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT, GSH) decreased (P<0.05) in CUS group. However, administration of Costus afer at both doses significantly (P<0.05) reversed these anomalies relative to the control group. Costus afer is beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress by down-regulating lipid peroxidation, liver injury and oxidative stress markers released due to chronic unpredicted stress.
Key words: anti-oxidant enzymes; lipid peroxidation; chronic unpredicted stress; oxidative stress; liver enzymes.
PPA 19
THE KETO DIET: PHYSIOLOGY AND EPIGENETICS
*Adedeji T.G.,1,2 Yang L.,1 Grimm S.A.,1 Wade P.A.1
1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
2National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH), North Carolina, United States.
*Corresponding author: tgadedeji@futa.edu.ng; +2348139232351.
The composition of nutrients in diet and their metabolites influence cellular processes via specific nutrient-sensing mechanisms. These guide metabolic adaption to nutrient availability. Glucose-derived carbon is a well-known source of acyl CoA for acylation of histones, however lipids, due to the length of their carbon chains, can drive greater acetylation of histones altering chromatin accessibility and the epigenome. Here, using Next Generation Sequencing technology (RNA-seq, CUT and TAG etc.), we compare fat diets’ (low (LFD), high (HFD), and ultra-high keto (KD) diets) influence on physiology and show that the KD reflects physiologic outcomes with molecular underpinnings, changing programming of cellular metabolism to increase mobilization of long and short chain fatty acids for acyl CoA formation. Glucagon through PPAR and FOX pathways activates specific genes whose activity play a role in FAO/ketogenesis, and repress insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity, in response to KD. Microbiome taxonomic analysis reveals distinct profiles short-term based on nutrient availability and long-term adaptation and equilibrium. Our results suggest that higher lipid-derived carbon content of KD drives metabolism in a manner that influences glucagon-induced transcription factor activity, creating a transcriptome that alters the epigenome and has physiologic implications.
PPA 20
PLASMA KISSPEPTIN AND LEVELS OF RELATED HORMONES IN PERIMENOPAUSAL ANIMAL MODELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS
Adesina P. Arikawe,1 Adedunni W. Olusanya,2 Okikiade Oghene,1 Abimbola O. Ogunsola,3 and Olutope A. Akinnibosun1
1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, 2Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, and 3Department of Physiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State.
Perimenopause is a transitory period during which many women experience stressful life changing events, coupled with the stress of daily living. Corticosteroids synthesis are increased in animal models of perimenopause and interestingly stress-induced elevation in glucocorticoids has been shown to affect hypothalamic neurons that secrete kisspeptin (KISS1). Thus, this study aimed to assess plasma kisspeptin levels and quantify its hypothalamic neurons in perimenopausal animal models following acute restraint stress. Female 28-day old rats were divided into 2 groups; Control (injected, Corn oil 2.5 μl/g BW); VCD (injected, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide 160 mg/kg BW diluted in Corn oil) both for 15 days; and Aged group allowed to age naturally till 180 days. Sixty (60) days after VCD/corn oil administration, and 240 days in Aged group, rats were further divided into 3 sub-groups: CON+KISS group injected as CON group plus kisspeptin dissolved in saline+gelofusine and administered through intraperitoneal (IP) route for additional 30 days; VCD+KISS group: injected as VCD group plus kisspeptin dissolved in saline+gelofusine and administered through IP route for additional 30 days; Aged+KISS group: as Aged group plus kisspeptin dissolved in saline+gelofusine and administered through IP route for additional 30 days. At 130 days in Control and VCD groups, and 270 days in Aged group on diestrus morning, animals were subjected to acute restraint stress for 30 minutes, followed by 60 minutes recovery period. Blood samples were drawn at rest and during recovery period from tail vein, diluted in PBST solution, frozen at -70ºC until ELISA assay for the hormones. Plasma kisspeptin level at rest was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in VCD group compared to Control and Aged groups. During recovery, it was significantly lower (p<0.05) in VCD and Aged groups compared to Control group. Plasma corticosterone and prolactin at rest were significantly higher (p<0.05) in VCD and Aged groups compared to Control group. During recovery, it was significantly higher (p<0.05) only in VCD group compared to Control and Aged groups. FSH at rest were significantly higher (p<0.05) in VCD and Aged groups compared to Control group with no significant difference during recovery amongst the groups. On the other hand, LH at rest and during recovery was significantly lower (p<0.05) in VCD and Aged groups compared to Control group. Exogenous kisspeptin administration significantly ameliorated (p<0.05) the reduced LH at rest and during the restraint stress. This preliminary study showed that kisspeptin might play a significant role in these animal models of perimenopause especially when related with our recently published result of a decreased β-endorphin inhibition of Locus coeruleus neurons in VCD perimenopausal animal model.
PPA 21
L-ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT ON HORMONES IN PERIMENOPAUSAL SPRAGUE DAWLEY FEMALE RATS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS
Adesina P. Arikawe,1Okikiade Oghene,1 Adedunni W. Olusanya,2 Abimbola O. Ogunsola,3, S. I. Jaja1
1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, 2Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, and 3Department of Physiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State.
Reproductive aging in females is a continuous process involving progressive follicular depletion that begins at birth and extends through the menopausal transition. This study investigated the effect of L-Arginine supplementation on stress and reproductive hormones following acute restraint paradigm in perimenopausal animal models.Forty-two female Sprague Dawley rats were grouped into 6 (n=7); Control rats (28 day old) were injected with Corn oil (2.5uL/kg BW) for 15 days; 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD, 28 day old) were injected with VCD 160mg/kgBW) diluted in Cornoil for 15 days; Aged rats (240 days old) left to age naturally. These animals were further sub-divided into 2 groups i.e. distilled water and L-Arginine supplementation (100mg/kg) for 60 days. Animals were subjected to acute restraint stress for 30 minutes, blood samples drawn before and after stress from the retro-orbital sinuses for measurement of plasma stress hormones (ELISA Fine-test kit) and reproductive hormones (ELISA Accubind kit). FSH plasma levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in VCD treated animals compared to Control and Aged groups; no significant changes in LH and Estradiol plasma levels amongst the groups. Progesterone plasma levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the VCD and Aged groups compared to the Control animals and L-Arginine supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reversed changes in all reproductive hormones except in FSH with no changes observed in Estradiol levels. Corticosterone and Prolactin plasma levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the VCD and Aged groups compared to the Control animals after acute stress and L-Arginine supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reversed this in Aged rats only compared to Control rats. L-Arginine supplementation seems beneficial on improving ovarian function and stress responses in perimenopausal animal models.
PPA 22
Evaluation of the antitussive, expectorant and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of a di-herbal formulation of whole plant of Euphobia hirta and Lactuca virosa leaf on rodentsUwaya Onyenmulo Dickson1*, Bello Kafayat Abosede2 and Aikpitanyi Ikponmwosa31, 2 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin,
Benin City 3Department of Physiology, Igbinedion University Okada.
*Address for Correspondence: Dickson Onyenmulo Uwaya
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin
Benin City, Nigeria
Email: dickson.uwaya@uniben.edu; udickson4christ@yahoo.comPhone:(+234) 705-965-0758
Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa are used to treat various ailment traditionally. This study aims
at evaluating the antitussive, expectorant and analgesic effects of the aqueous extracts of diherbal formulation of whole plant of Euphobia hirta and Lactuca virosa leaf. Citric acid induced
cough in guinea pigs, ammonia induced cough in mice and phenol red dye secretion expectorant
model in mice were used for anti-tussive study. Hot plate model and acetic acid induced writhing
in mice were used for analgesia. Combined 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactucavirosa, 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg lactuca virosa only and 25 mg/kg of codeine phosphate reduces the number of cough bouts in the citric acid induced
cough in guinea pigs (P<0.05) compared to control. Combined 50mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and
100mg/kg lactuca virosa,100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta, 100mg/kg lactuca virosa reduces the
number of cough bouts in the ammonia induced cough (P<0.001) and codeine phosphate
reduced the number of cough bouts(P<0.0001) compared to the control. Combined 50mg/kg
Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactuca virosa, 15mg/kg of Bromo-hexane increases the secretion
of dye (P<0.0001) compared to control in the phenol red dye secretion in mice. Combined
100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactuca virosa, 100mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg
lactuca virosa increases the level of dye secretion (P<0.05) compared to control. 100mg/kg
Euphorbia hirta and 50mg/kg lactuca virosa,100mg/kg of Euphorbia hirta and 100mg/kg lactucavirosa and 3mg/kg Pentazocin increases the latency of pain threshold of mice (P<0.05). All the
doses of the extract including 3mg/kg pentazocin increases the latency to pain threshold in the
mice (P<0.001) after 2 hours. All the doses of the extract including aspirin reduces number of
writhing (P<0.01). Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa has antitussive, expectorant and analgesic
properties.
Keywords: Euphorbia hirta, lactuca virosa, anti-tussive, analgesic, inflammation.
PPA 23
ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOPULMONARY PARAMETERS AMONG MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES, SAW-MILL AND PAINT INDUSTRY WOORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA.
Victor Queen Ezinne
Department of Human physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria.
Environmental pollution is a major health challenge across the globe. In developing countries like Nigeria, industries are sited without considering the health implications on humans. Moreso, humans in search of greener pasture and financial dividends to provide for the basic necessities of life get exposed to toxic contaminants that are produced in the course of production in these industries. Inhalation of these toxicants could lead to some cardio-pulmonary disorders which are detrimental to the health of exposed workers in the various industries. Hence, this study is aimed at assessing the cardio-pulmonary parameters among municipal solid wastes, saw-dusts, and paint industry workers in Pout Harcourt. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 157 apparently healthy male subjects comprising of groups A, B, C and D. Group A served as the control while groups B, C and D were made up of solid waste workers (37), saw-mill workers (40) and paint workers (35) respectively. The anthropometric parameters and duration of exposure were obtained from subjects. Information on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also obtained. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and pulse rate of subjects were taken. The results showed a non-significant (P>0.05) increase in the mean systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of occupational workers. A non-significant (P>0.05) increase was observed in the mean systolic blood pressure of overweight workers with Body Mass Index (BMI) range of 25 – 29.9) and (>30) when compared with the normal BMI range (18.5 – 24.9). However, a significant reduction in the mean value of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) was observed among municipal solid wastes, saw-mill and paint industry workers when compared to the control group subjects. The reduction in all the PEFR in the test subjects were duration of exposure dependent. This study shows that occupational exposure to municipal solid wastes, Saw-dusts and paint may lead to increased air way resistance due to inhalation of obnoxious odour along the respiratory tract and hence, the remodelling of the air way which might impact negatively on lung function.
Keywords: Cardio-pulmonary parameters, industry, exposure, subjects, duration.
PPA 24
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION OF GINGER AND MARIJUANA ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN SWISS MICE.
Bright Owhorji, Chibuike Obiandu, Edith Reuben and Buduka.J.Otto
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Corresponding author Email & phone number: obiandu.chibuike@ust.edu.ng;+2348130322139
A plethora of medicinal plants have been shown to improve memory, cognition, and intelligence. Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Cannabis sativa (Marijuana) have been shown to affect memory, cognition, and intelligence too. This study aimed at comparing the effects of Zingiber officinale and Cannabis sativa on learning and memory was carried out in Swiss mice. The mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 animals each. Group 1 (control) were fed mice feed. Group 2 (ginger group) were fed with a ginger-laced diet containing ginger and mice feed at a percentage ratio of 5:95. Group 3 (marijuana group) were fed with a marijuana-laced diet containing marijuana and mice feed at the percentage ratio of 5:95. All mice were fed for 14 days and given water to drink daily. Daily food and water intake were recorded. The mice were evaluated for learning and spatial memory using novel object recognition tests and data obtained were subjected to ANOVA and T test respectively.The result showed that the Zingiber officinale group showed significantly better memory as seen by an increase in the recognition index when compared to the other groups.This shows that Zingiber officinale shows positive effects on cognition than Cannabis sativa at the same dose.
Keywords:Zingiber officinale (Ginger),Cannabis sativa (Marijuana), learning, memory
PPA25
EFFECT OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) AND MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA) ON FEAR AND ANXIETY IN SWISS MICE.
Bright I. Owhorji1, Chibuike Obiandu1, Edith Reuben1 and Adesua.C. Obiandu2
1Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
2Senior Secondary Schools Board, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Corresponding author Email & phone number: obiandu.chibuike@ust.edu.ng;+2348130322139
The effects of consumption of powdered marijuana diet and ginger diet on fear and anxiety were studied using Swiss mice. The mice were randomly assigned into three groups. Group 1 served as control and was fed with normal rodent chow. Group 2 was fed with ginger diet (5g of powdered ginger mixed with 95g of rodent chow, making 5% of ginger diet) while group 3 was fed with marijuana diet (5g of powdered marijuana mixed with 95g of rodent chow, making 5% of marijuana diet). Feeding was allowed for 14 days before the experiment started. The animals had free access to their feeds and water. Food and water intake were measured daily. The Elevated Plus-Maze was used to assess fear and anxiety in the mice.
Results showed that 5g ginger diet had no significant effect on the animal behaviour in terms of time spent in the light and dark fields as well as the time spent in grooming while 5g marijuana diet significantly increased time spent in light and decreased time spent in dark and time spent grooming. These alterations in the marijuana group indicate a reduction in fear and anxiety. Consumption of 5% marijuana diet suppressed fear and anxiety in Swiss mice while consumption of 5g ginger did not affect fear and anxiety in these animals.
Keywords: Zingiber officinale (Ginger),Cannabis sativa (Marijuana), Fear and Anxiety.
PPA 26
TGR5, GLP-1, and GIP expression in diabetic Wistar rats in response to Ficusexasperata1*Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel, 2Adero Joseph Adesina, 3Adetunji Bunmi Juliana,4Olugbemi Olaniyan, 5Anyakudo Michael Magnus, 6Oluwafemi Dorris, 7OlusolaElekofehinti1,2,&5Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria,
3Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. 4Department of
Physiology, Rhema University Aba, 6Department of Microbiology, University of
Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria, 7Department of Biochemistry, Federal University
of Technology, Akure.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized with persistent hyperglycemia. Ficusexasperata has been reported to have several therapeutic potentials. However, there is paucity of reports on its effects on mRNA expression of genes associated with glycemic control in diabetic Wistar rats. This study investigated the effects of methanol extract of Ficus exasperata (MEFE) on mRNA expression of TGR5, GLP-1, GIP and other glycemic indices in diabetic male Wistar rats. Ficus exasperata was extracted using methanol and characterized using GCMS analysis. Twenty (20) rats were divided into four (4) groups (n=5) as follows: normal control (NC), diabetic untreated (DU), diabetes + MEFE (200mg/kg) and diabetes + insulin (3 units). Diabetes was induced via single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). Treatments were administered daily for
28 days. Blood glucose was assessed using glucose oxidase method. Insulin concentration was assessed using ELISA method. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), total protein were assessed using commercially available randox kits. GLP-1, TGR5 and GIP expression were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Histology of the pancreatic islets were examined using hematoxylin and eosin stains. Data were analyzed using graph pad prism and image J software, p<0.05
was statistically significant. GC-MS shows the presence of 23 constituents with kaur-16-ene having the highest binding affinity (-8.2 Kcal) against purinergic receptors on islet cells. There was significant decrease in blood glucose in diabetes+ MEFE (200 mg/kg) compared to DU. However, there was significant increase in insulin, TGR5, GLP-1, and GIP expression, SOD, catalase and GPx in diabetes+ MEFE (200 mg/kg) compared to DU.
Diabetic group + MEFE (200 mg/kg) showed regenerated islet cells compared to DU. In diabetic rats, the methanol extract of Ficus exasperata has antioxidative and stimulatory effects on genes that effectively controlled blood glucose levels.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Ficus exasperata, Kaur-16-ene, TGR5, GLP-1.
PPA 27
Modulation of motor and cognitive dysfunctions by vitamin D3 in sleep-deprived rats: Involvement of oxidative stress and TNF-α/NFkβ signaling.
*Bayo-Olugbami A. Aminat1, Olibamoyo Blessing1, Fagbile Yewande1 & Owoyele Bamidele Victor2
Affiliations: Neuroscience unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo1; Neuroscience & Inflammation unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin2
*Corresponding Author: Bayo-Olugbami Adedamola Aminat
E-mail: adedamola.bayo-olugbami@uniosun.edu.ng
Growing evidence suggests an association between hypovitaminosis D and sleep disorders, thereby increasing the interest on its role in the regulatory mechanisms of sleep-wake cycle. Moreover, VDR and the enzymes that control its activation and degradation are expressed in several areas of the brain involved in sleep regulation. However, data onits effect and mechanism of action on sleep deprivation are lacking in preclinical studies. Hence the rationale for this study. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 (Control) received vehicle- 5ml/kg orally. Group 2 was sleep deprived (SD) only for 72 hours. Group 3 received VD3 only (1000IU/kg) daily for 14 days. Group 4 (VD3+SD) was pre-treated with VD3 30 mins prior to SD. SD was induced by the modified flower pot method. The treatment lasted for 14days. Neurobehavioral assessments (Open Field and Novel Object Recognition tests) were done on the last two days of administration. The prefrontal cortices were processed for biochemical analysis of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malonydialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT) and Nitric oxide (NO) spectrophotometrically; Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and NFkβ via ELISA. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA (Tukey’s Posthoc) with p<0.05 set as significant value. SD significantly reduced the number of lines crossed, rearing behaviors and memory index. SD also increased cortical levels of MDA, NO, TNF-α but not NFkβ. Similarly, it reduced CAT level significantly but not SOD. However, VD3 reversed some of these neurobehavioral and biochemical deficits associated with SD. VD3 shows neuroprotective propensity by moderating the Oxido-inflammatory mechanism in sleep deprivation.
Keywords: Sleep deprivation; Vitamin D3; Motor function; Cognition; Oxidative stress; TNF-α/NFkβ signaling
PPA 28
Protective Effects of Vitamin C and Selenium Administration on Experimentally induced Acute Panceatitis in a Rat Model.
G.S. Adeleye1, T.P. Omayone2, K. Ajeigbe3 and E.O. Odesanmi4
1.Department of Physiology Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, 2. Department of Physiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure,
3.Department of Physiology, Federal University, Oye Ekiti. 4. Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) known as inflammation of the pancreas is one of the major gastrointestinal diseases responsible for hospitalization worldwide. Oxidative stress is a major factor responsible for the development of the disease leading to systemic inflammation and significant mortality. This study aimed at assessing the possible reduction of pancreatic injury by administering Vitamin C and/or Selenium which are known antioxidants in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis.
Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each: (1) Control (2) Acute pancreatitis -AP (3) Vitamin C -250 mg/kg (4) Selenium-2mg/kg (5) Vitamin C (250 mg/kg) and Selenium (2mg/\kg) combination. AP was induced in groups 2-5 by intraperitoneal administration of 4 doses of L-arginine (200 mg/100g) at 1 hour interval. Serum amylase, pancreatic tissue MDA, CAT, NO and histopathological changes were evaluated. Histopathological observation revealed severe acute pancreatitis in group 2 with marked infiltration of inflammatory aggregates and vacuolation compared to normal architecture in control. Groups 3-5 showed milder histopathological changes. Depletion of CAT was milder in groups 3-5 compared to AP group. Increased MDA and NO levels in AP group compared to control were reversed to normal by separatee and combined administration of Vitamin C and Selenium. Thus, both Vitamin C and Selenium administered separately and in combination showed protective action against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis.
PPA 29
COMPARISON OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATES OF HEALTHY SUBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT BASAL METABOLIC INDEX.
Chibuike Obiandu1, Bright .I. Owhorji1, Oiselene Otumu2 and Chibuike .S. Amechi3
1Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 2Department of Paediatrics University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
3General practitioner and OccupationalHealth Physician, Ianwilson Services Limited, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
Corresponding author Email and phone number: obiandu.chibuike@ust.edu.ng ;+2348130322139
The peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum rate at which the air can be expired after a deep inspiration. It is used to assess respiratory diseases. This cross-sectional descriptive study was aimed at comparing the peak expiratory flow rate of apparently healthy male and female subjects with different basal metabolic index.
A total of 168 subjects aged between 18 and 55 years were recruited for the study. Clinical history and clinical examination methods were employed before data collection. Informed consent was obtained.. The subjects’ height was taken with the aid of a stadiometer and the weight was measured using a standard weighing scale. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (L/min) was measured with the Wright’s flow meter. The basal metabolic index was calculated using the formula: (weight (kg) / height (m2). The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 21.0) was used for the analysis. The significant differences between group means was tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and compared using the post hoc test. To determine the link between variables, Pearson correlation analysis was used.
In females, the mean PEFR of overweight and obesed subjects were not significantly different to PEFR of subjects with normal BMI. In males, there was no significant difference between the PEFR of overweight subjects (416.39±21.29) and PEFR of subjects with normal BMI (453.75±20.61), but there was a significant decrease in PEFR of obesed subjects (362.78±18.47) compared to PEFR of subjects with normal BMI. Although average PEFR in normal individuals is higher in males than in females, the reason for the significant decrease in PEFR occurring in obesed males only could not be ascertained.
In conclusion, obesity in males was found to be associated with significantly reduced PEFR.
Keywords: PEFR, obesed, overweight, obesity BMI.